How has the population of Deptford has Changed from 1945-1999 Essay

In order to find out how the population of Deptford has changed in the last fifty years, I have to carry out a number of researches to help me bring this to a conclusion. This includes sources, interviews, survey, a personal account from Suzanne Samson and a visit to Deptford High Street, to take a look at the different ethnic group there. I also look at shops there and the kind of people who owned them. I also went to the Albany center and picked various leaflets to see the different activities available to the publics. As a class we designed a questionnaire and had people fill them in for us. Which should show us that Deptford has a multi-cultural population. In this report I intent to show that, explaining some of the reason and causes that make people from commonwealth country migrated to Britain. How has the population of Deptford changed? As a part of my research, I looked at some sources to see how Deptford has changed in the last fifty years. Source A is a picture of children playing in ‘Kender Street School’ in 1947. All the children who can be seen in this picture are white. Source B is a picture showing a class at ‘Deptford Green School’ in 1997. When interpreting Sources A and B it shows the different people in Deptford in 1947 in comparison to Deptford in 1997. By comparing these two sources we can see that there is a massive change, to the kind of people who lived in Deptford at these two times. Source C is a photograph of Deptford High Street and shops which existed in 1963. Source D is also a photograph of Deptford High Street but in 1997. Source C and D show some shops in Deptford High Street, however these shops we can be identify now were represented by other. For example in 1963 there was a ‘Burkes’ store which is now represented by a ‘Halal’ butcher store, which show how different ethnic groups have mixed in as they have settle in. Of all of people, who have answers to our interview, 50% were male and the other 50% were female. 50% of all the people we interviewed were 31-40 years old, whereas 25% were 21-30 and the last 25% were over 60 years old. With 50% of all the people we interviewed were White-English. Whereas 25% were Chinese and the last 25% were Black-Caribbean. The White-English interviewees had lived in London for 32 years. The Black-Caribbean interviewees had lived in London for 43 years, whereas the Chinese interviewees had lived in London for 20 years. The reason why all the interviewees had moved to London was very similar as most people have settle here because of employment and a better standard of living. For example they can take advantages of London, jobs opportunities, lifestyle and child benefit. However the most common reason why foreign has settle in Britain, was for a better education. People didn’t move to Britain for employment as there were very few jobs available and they could not compete, as many of them couldn’t get a decent education in their country. When we asked the Chinese interviewee how many time they have visit their country of origin, s/he had said s/he had never visited their country of origin, whereas the Black-Caribbean had said s/he visit their origin country BI-annually (every other year). The majority of the people we interview had work, apart for a White-English interviewee. When we asked all the interviewees if they had relative in London, everybody said that his or her families also live in London. 75% of the interviewees said London was a multi-cultural place when they arrived. As one White-English interviewee said London was a multi-cultural place when they arrive, whereas the other didn’t remember. Both the Chinese and the Black-Caribbean said it was a multi-cultural place when they arrived. The first time Britain took in immigrants was after the ‘Second World War’ in 1946. Where the European volunteers’ workers scheme launched to rebuild London, however many commonwealth people were still unable to move to Britain. So in 1948 a ‘British Nationality Act’ was passed, which allow those who lived in the ‘Commonwealth’ countries to become a Britain citizens. To see if this ‘British Nationality’ effected people from all over the Commonwealth countries and to help me with my coursework, I looked at a personal account of Susanne Samson’s. Susanne was a Jewish born in Germany, Berlin on the 25th march 1924. Unfortunately for Susanne she was at the age of nine when Hitler won the general election making him the second powerful person in Germany. Hitler had a lot of prejudice against many kind of people e.g. homosexuals, trade unionist, communist etc. However he prosecuted Jewish people the worst over other people. Once Hitler had full power over Germany he made a lot of changes, and one of them was to ensure that Jewish people had no power in Germany. So he took away all the Jewish people right to make a living e.g. closed Jewish shops, factories, businesses etc. One-year later Hitler prejudice against the Jew was clearly showing as Susanne explains she knew that the Jew was being treated differently to other. Running into Nazis marching was very uncomtable for her, as she had no knowledge of what they would do to her, if they saw her and knew she was a Jew. As a result for her fear of Hitler and the Nazis, she moved to Italy. However she didn’t settle in Italy as her mother found work in London. Susanne expectation of London was very different to what she got. As she thought that London was rainy and misty all over, as she knew about this from text back in Germany. She also that London was a place of lords and ladies. When arriving in London Susanne thought London was very exciting place. Bringing only her most valued possessions, her and her family was guaranteed a house, clothes, food and an education. Susanne and her mother stay with a Jewish family who her mum worked for as a housekeeper. Which was not to Susanne family expectation, however as her mum had very little understanding of English she had no other choice but to take up that option. Shortly afterward there was speculation of Germany bombing London. Which meant school and all children was to be evacuated from London and taken to Somerset. After staying in Somerset for a while Susanne returned to London, and got an apprenticeship with a photography studio before war took place. Life for Susanne wasn’t going to well as she had to leave the studio as a result of lack of war workers and which was consider as unnecessary at war. However she was able to find employment in several places but they were temporary. To support our researches and interviews, we visit Deptford High Street to see if all the information we have collected so far is correct. And our so I objective is proved, as Deptford is a multi-cultural community. There are many different races: Chinese, White, Black-Caribbean, Asian etc. I also found out that there was a collection between the ethnic make-up, to the different ethnic shops (businesses) in Deptford. For example, there were Chinese and Indian restaurants and take away, Black-Caribbean and Asian vegetable stores. I picked up leaflets from the ‘Albany Center’ as some proved of my visit to Deptford. All these leaflets show different activities from different ethnic group, which are available to the public. A typical example is a theater show ‘show and dance’ staged at the ‘Calabash Day Center’, this activity is mainly aim at the black community. Another leaflet is picked promote Chinese and Arabic Saturday classes. All this information show is how Deptford has become a multi-cultural community as different people have settle in. Why have people migrated to London? According to sources A and B (factual texts) many people migrated to Britain because after the war so much British men and women were killed that there wasn’t enough people to rebuild Britain. So in ‘ 1948 the Britain government passed a Nationality Act’ allowing all colonial and commonwealth citizens to become a British citizen. Which meant the Britain government can bring people for commonwealth country over to Britain, to rebuild the landscapes. However for the majority of the people who has come over to Britain they were given the dirty and the unpopular jobs, as they were not educated enough for the higher-class jobs e.g. designer, lawyer, pilot etc. In order for these people of a lower living standard to come to Britain the British government had to give out loan to them, which had to be pay back once they got settle in. Source C is a picture of Black-Caribbean people entering Britain by boat, which was published in a newspaper. The people who are shown are very smartly dressed with winter clothing and equipment. The why reason why this particle picture was publish was to attend to change the British people point of views of Black people in general. This picture also published to show that Black were very independent working people, by their smart looks and are quite civilized people as their appearance were very similar to the British people dress sense â€Å"they are just like us.† Source A2 is a extract for a history book, which is consider not to be a very useful piece of evidence as is has no personal account and the we don’t know who has written this text. However this text does contain factual information, and I support alot of researches has been done before the text was written. However this text lacks a very important aspect – which is, who wrote this particle piece of text? Which I believe is the most important aspect when a piece of text is used as evidence. Source C2 is a photograph showing some migrants arriving in Britain by boat. When it can to deciding if this photograph is useful as a piece of evidence. I consider it also not to be very useful; as I believe the person who have taken this particle photograph was a white person. Which meant s/he could have taken and published this photograph because of personal and for pacify reasons. For example they wanted to change the British opinion of Black-Caribbean people. Another reason why this photograph is not a useful piece of evidence is that I believe this photograph could have easily been rearranged or fixed to fit the government, and how they wanted the British people to see Black-Caribbean people. I have reason to believe in this because as we all know the Caribbean is consider to a very hot place to live all around the year. Which mean it’s very usual to see Black -Caribbean people with winter clothing and equipment. Source D2 is an oral interview with Suzanne Samson, who is a refugee from Germany. I consider this source as being the most useful piece of evidence out of the three. This because this source is factual and personal which is most likely to be the true. Even through is can be make up, over exaggerated, or the person can’t remember everything, as it’s a child account. Sources E2 and F2 are two phase of why Somali have settle in Britain. The reason for Somali settlement has changed form the 1945 to the 1980’s, as Somalia’s first settled in London to â€Å"seek better employment† and to make enough money so they can retire back to Somali. When arriving in London they settled in the London East End, to a sailor community, as they were poor and uneducated. The second reason why Somali settled in Britain was to run from Said Barre’s Regime who was the ninth dictator. However these people tended to be richer and educated e.g. doctors People have migrated to London for many different reasons. The majority of these reasons are considers as the result of a ‘push’ or ‘pull’. The ‘push’ factor is when a person is force out of their country e.g. wars, health, environment etc. The ‘pull’ factor is what attracted a person to over e.g. employment – in 1948, the ‘British Nationality Act’ was passed to allow people in the commonwealth to come into British, allow them to become a British citizens. However the most common reason why people migrate to Britain is for a better education. The experience of migrants in London. According to source A3 and B3 (two personal account), the people expectation of Britain- London was very different from what they got. As these people expected Britain to be the â€Å"Golden land†, the land of opportunity and hope. However Britain was nothing to their expectation, â€Å"the houses all capped together and no spaces.† Sources C3, D3 and E3 are all particle part from different newspaper article. All these sources show us that the type of prejudice that Black and Colour people had to face was racism. For example, White and Black pubs and jobs were separated. However the majority of the While community would have the better choices from jobs, pubs, lifestyle etc. Source F3 is a cartoon which show a While person stabbing a Colour person, and in the background there is a Nazis and the cartoon contain an image of people being hanged. This cartoon is making a comparison of Germany- Nazis and the racial activities which take place in Britain e.g. racial attack. The cartoonist has made a comparison between Hitler and the Nazis with the racial activities which take place in Britain, as Hitler and the Nazis were a very racial group as they killed thousand of Jewish people, where with Britain there are many small racist attacks everyday. This source (F3) is quite useful as an historian text as it shows that racism does exist in Britain, even though it’s a one sided view of the polices response to racism attack in Britain. However it’s not very clear when it come down to telling factual information about the incident and is over exaggerated e.g. there is no hanging. This cartoon also shows us that people like the cartoonists are seriously worried with the violence. Source E3 is an article published in a newspaper, which consist of five personal accounts of five different men living the Southeast of London. In these account of people living in South-East London, Mr. Roger (While) believe there is a over glowing amount of Black people which is partly why he dislike his area. He also believe Black people â€Å"pack them into houses†, however he believe his Black neighbours are very friendly. Where with Mr. Barring (Black) who believe the South-East is a place of many culture and a place of little racial discrimination, â€Å"I have never come into contact with a colour prejudice† and â€Å"I like it here† However Mr. Fitz (Black), who has lived in the South-East for 12 years comparison to Mr. Barring who has lived in the South-East five years, believe the â€Å"neignours are the same the world over, sometime good and sometime bad. He also believes there is racial discrimination in his community. For example, employees think you’re less able because of your colour. Mr. Frankin (Black) also spares a similar opinion to Mr. Fite, as he believes his neighbours are quite friendly. However his has â€Å"come into contact with racial prejudice in the past. The final account is from Mr. Charle (White) who believes the Black workers are a † very happy crowd, but a nuisance when they make a noise. He also believe he is â€Å"not prejudiced against them but he rather they were not here. All these accounts are quite useful and reliable, as the majority of these accounts are factual about personal experience of racial discrimination. For example, 2 out of 3 of these colour people accounts show that they have seen and experience some racial discrimination in the past, â€Å"I do come into contact with racial prejudice†. This sign of racial is supported by Mr. Charle account (White) who â€Å"would rather they (Black people) were not here†. This account show us that Mr. Charle is prejudiced to Black workers, but doesn’t except that he is prejudiced, â€Å"I am not prejudiced against them (Black people). However these are personal accounts and do not represent London as a whole. The aim of the newspaper in publishing these account is to promote good race relations In order to write a complete and reliable account of the experience in migrating into London between 1945-1997 I could studied many other sources. For example I can studied a personal account of someone who has just move to London, to see if they’re similar to all the other personal accounts I have studies. I can also do and studied a simple questionnaire, which could be used to support these personal accounts by comparing them. How have migrants affected the area? Migration has affected the area of London and Deptford in many ways. As more and more people have come into London, they have brought with them their traditions and culture, which over time has been accepted, into British society. These traditions are widely practised all over the Britain. Source A4 shows an account by Minette Bailey of what she thought of London, when she first came from Jamaica. She thought that the British people were hypocrites. She said that: â€Å"It is very strange to see how many people flock into church on Sundays instead of going to worship God. It is very strange how many English missionaries come to the West Indies to teach us about God.† This was the feeling many black people had, so they decided to establish Black-led churches, so their traditions could be maintained. This had been acknowledged by many people and also welcomed. In 1982, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie said: â€Å"the presence of the ethnic groups with their different religious traditions has given new breadth and generosity to our vision of the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God.† The idea was welcomed and even praised by many people. Source B4 shows some young Vietnamese men practising a dance for the ‘Chinese New Year’, which was to be performed at the Chinese community school, South London in 1987. Source C4 shows a Somali boarding house, in Leman Street in the 1950’s. Source E4 shows a Mosque in London. This building was first used as a Church, then as a Synagogue, then as a church again and finally as a Mosque. You can see when the inhabitants of the area change how the area changes as well. The inhabitants of Brick Lane now are mainly Bangladeshi and other Muslims. You see this from the different languages on the sign. Source D4 shows a number of councillors in the London region. Five of the six are Black: Les Eytle, Eddie Capone, Solomon Brown, Angelina Simpson and Stephen Padmore. The last person, Claude Gonsalves is South American. This change was needed as not many English councillors in the past did things that benefited the other ethnic groups. These people have become part of the government to make sure that everybody got what was best for them. During our visit to Deptford High Street we could see that Deptford is a multi-cultural community. There are many different races: Black ? Afro-Caribbean, White, Chinese, Asian etc. I also found out that there were many different shops owned by different kinds of people like Indian and Chinese restaurants, Afro-Caribbean and Asian grocers, ‘halal’ butchers etc. I found that there many different kinds of goods available, most of which are imported from foreign countries, such as mangoes, oranges, lychees, yams etc. Within the area of Deptford, there is a Chinese health centre. Over the years all kinds people have started to use this shop to get natural herbs and medicine, rather than going to the chemist for conventional medicine. The Sainsbury’s store in the area uses a number of languages to label the goods, so it could be understood by everyone in the community. I also picked up a number of leaflets from the ‘Albany Centre’. A typical example is a jazz concert performed at the ‘Barbican Centre’; this is really aimed at the Black community. Another leaflet I picked up promoted the â€Å"show and dance† staged at the ‘Calabash Day Centre’; again it is aimed at the Black community. There was another leaflet promoting Saturday classes, such as Arabic and Chinese. All this information shows how Deptford has become a multi-cultural community as different people have settled in. Over fifties years foreigner and commonwealth country started coming in Britain in abundant amounts, until was introduced. This meant Britain would only take in a reasonable amount of people a year. In other occasion Britain also take refugees of war, such as when Asians were exiled from South Africa. Which leave me with the conclusion that if war never happened, Britain would still be a country with a high population as foreigners has been coming in to Britain for the last fifties years. Therefore there will not be as many job opportunities, so no foreigners would be attracted into coming to Britain. However as war did happened for Britain foreigners working in the country would have felt very uncomtable working those condition, leaving them with very little option but to do war works or leave the country to find work where else. Since after the Second World War (1945) till now (1999) great changes has taken place for many reason in term of the population and the ethnic groups, and for different reason e.g. a greater population with various number of ethnic group. Some of these changes are consider being the result of what we would call the ‘push and pull’ factors. For example in 1946, â€Å"The European volunteer workers scheme involve people from all over Europe in rebuilding London.† An interpretation show that this as an opportunity for many people to rebuild their lives. This quotation is also showing that this is an opportunity for the unemployed people, as there will be thousand of jobs on offers.

Life After Truth Essay Topics

Life After Truth Essay Topics Get the Scoop on Truth Essay Topics Before You're Too Late This isn't just an amazing native production. Most, but not all individuals using crystal meth are not able to eat and sometimes find it challenging to even drink. To distract what's happening, a correct verbal exchange may be used. We might have to deal with a different world war, world war 3, as the majority of the developed and developing countries have nuclear weapons, and it is going to only take one small point to set off another war. You've got a world of choices at our Malaysia campus. The two of these individuals cannot be the smartest individual on earth at the exact same moment. Moreover, if students have some difficulties in choosing or producing the essay topic, students may visit our website and find here an excellent number of different essay topics. The New Testament doesn't have to spell out all sins. Believe on the Lord Jesus and you'll be saved. It's really important that you know the Word of God for yourself! It's so imperative that you develop your own personal and intimate relationship with the Lord! Normally, the questions are extremely personal (as some guarded secret), that lots of players don't want to reply. A good example would be an individual believing that they're the sm artest person on earth. The problem isn't in the truth but in its application, as is often true with philosophical verbal gymnastics. Perhaps the issue with this is that we're able tonot define the simple fact that the statement is suppose to correspond without using the legitimate statement as proof. The Demise of Truth Essay Topics Thus even as soon as the opinion or belief is correct, it cannot be regarded as actual understanding. There are lots of traditions that are first-rate and very beneficial. The majority of these mock man's need to comprehend the complex and philosophical workings of the planet, while some reinforce the claim that the entire religion is composed of lies. In a world where truth is regarded as the maximum kind of goodness, an individual must be mindful not to become fixated on a single view of the truth, for there are a few advantages to the notion of foma. When there is such a thing as truth, then we should have the ability to find it. Due to this exposure, along with her Narrative, Truth was adopted as a potent symbol by both feminists and African Americans through recent years. Others might argue that sometimes telling the truth hurts, therefore it's fine to lie in these circumstances. He defines there are many truth based on whom you are and who's talking. For something to bring itself into existence, it would need to exist in order in order to carry out an action. What's true is dependent on who's making the statement. Sooner or later, they actually begin believing themselves so you must stop this procedure now. It supplies the subject permission to perform the act. The most astonishing truth is that the Sumerian text describes how Homo sapiens were made by the Annunakis with the assistance of his associates. This phrase comes out of a hymn by William Cowper. It is truly a quote by Benjamin Franklin, who isn't exactly a theologian. Now, it's high time to supply some helpful information on the topic of essay to pic writing. The Supreme Strategy to Truth Essay Topics You may believe that it won't be that easy but it is truly quite simple find a person to admit to a lie they constantly keep telling. Believing what isn't true is apt to spoil someone's plans and might even cost him his life. This idea of spreading love to everybody, in place of loving only a single person, is comparable to the notion that nobody truth is wholly right. Quite simply, it would need to be true. By definition, a mortgage is the debt you incur when purchasing a house. So, after you locate a dependable broker who can fulfill your requirements, enroll in a legitimate credit repair program. Home buying loans permit you to fulfill your fantasy of owning the home of your dreams. Doing this can help you repair your credit in the event you ever have to refinance your mortgage. Knowing the significance of truth is a controversial topic that's thought to be self-defeating. This Pragmatic Theory holds that there is not any authentic absolute truth. This quote isn't in the Bible but from the wonderful philosopher Aristotle. Truth isn't subjective, it isn't a consensual cultural construct, and it isn't an invalid, outdated, irrelevant notion. What Is So Fascinating About Truth Essay Topics? Individuals sometimes rebel so as to defend their ideas as if their whole world will collapse if they're wrong or if other individuals hold conflicting views. Some believe he was getting prepared to disclose secret info about UFO's and aliens. Students should enlighten the subject in a nice and informative way. Once they have an idea of what students are going to write about your task is to create a captivating and concrete essay topic. A History of Truth Essay Topics Refuted 1 such practice was supposed to cut the hair so the head resembled a celestial globe. You deserve to understand the truth and if she isn't likely to be totally honest with you, the gloves might have to come off. Draw a face a ll around your belly button. Put on a finger mustache for the subsequent five minutes.

John F. Kennedy Reasons For The Civil Rights Movement

Minh Pham Mr. Robins Pre- AP U.S. History 20 October 2015 Kennedy: Reasons to Remember the Name John Fitzgerald Kennedy, born in 1917, was the youngest ever to be elected president in the United States history, also the youngest to leave office when he was assassinated 3 years after his election. Regardless of his short time in office, he left an astonishing impact on every single individual and on the country as a whole. As a president, John F. Kennedy was successful in managing the economy as well as political issues in both domestic and foreign affairs with wise decisions, showing true optimism and genuine love for America. During his presidency, the civil rights movement was rising and became a problem in domestic policy. Even†¦show more content†¦However, it was declined. After his assassination, the bill was left with his vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson. Later in 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, perhaps, as a way to honor their belated president. When it comes to the economy, President Kennedy raised the minimum wage, improved Social Security benefits and healthcare and, most importantly, cut taxes. In his well known Inaugural Address of 1961, Kennedy said â€Å"[and] so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.† (â€Å"John F. Kennedy: Inaugural†). And he did, he did more than enough for his country while his country did nothing for him. Lacking congressional support, many of his campaigns and programs were turned down. However, he did manage to increase the minimum wage to $1.25 and to lower poverty and the unemployment rate. In 1962, the Trade Expansion Act was passed authorizing tariffs reduction up to 50% pursuing Kennedy’s goals of international partnership and secured negotiating powers. As for cutting taxes, Kennedy faced even more trouble as many people did not agree that cutting taxes would lead to higher revenues. â€Å"Kennedy †¦ [believed]... that ‘a rising tide lifts all boats’ and that strong economic growth would not continue without lower taxes† (â€Å"JFK†). He was right. These tax cuts boosted the economy and benefited many presidents afterward,

Nike Five Forces - 1573 Words

Five Forces Model (Highly Negative. Range from 1-5) Rivalry (3) 1. How many companies in industry? As Nike is an international company that has their product selling worldwide, they have countless of competitors, including many domestic local firm. However, not all of these companies have the power to compete with Nike, only a few international companies are Nike ¡Ã‚ ¦s major competitors, for instance, Adidas and Reebok. 2. How do they compete each other in term of 4P marketing strategy Product: As an athletic shoes producer, they try to provide better quality and more comfortable shoes that fit to the sport player through research and development. By claiming their shoes meet the physics need of different sports, which help the†¦show more content†¦People still wear Nike to play basketball and do the running. At the mean time, Nike obtains the way of its aggressive advertisement and pricing strategy. Example like this can be see in many places around the world, not only in Taiwan. For instance the unfair labor condition issues in Nike ¡Ã‚ ¦s factory at Indonesia also anger many customers; in addition, if you try to type the keyword  ¡Ã‚ §boycott Nike ¡Ã‚ ¨ and  ¡Ã‚ §anti-Nike ¡Ã‚ ¨ in the search engine, you will be able to come up with at least two thousand results. Yet Nike is always able to solve these kinds of problems to minimize the lost at the least cost. In the case of  ¡Ã‚ §Jordan ¡Ã‚ ¨ at Nike Taiwan, apologize almost don ¡Ã‚ ¦t cost anything for Nike, and to take care and maintain basketball court also can encourage more sport player, which is somehow related to their sale of basketball shoes. Most importantly, they can use these for tax deduction. Apparently, customer have the right to decide whether to buy the product or not, and this right should affect a firm ¡Ã‚ ¦s destiny. When Nike angers their customer, the customer can choose to boycott Nike and go to other brand instead of Nike for substitution. 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Porters 5 Forces Under Armour, like any company, is subject to a variety of external forces in the environment they do business in. Porters Five Forces model of competition describes the main external forces that affect businesses. The first of the five forces is the fact that there are always competitive pressures associated with the market maneuvering and jockeying for buyer patronageRead MoreUnder Armour Case Study1946 Words   |  8 PagesHow strong are the competitive forces confronting Under Armour, Nike, and The adidas Group? Do a five- forces analysis to support your answer. †¨ The analysis of the Porters five forces are very important to business entities. Based on the analysis a business can evaluate their current position and positions that they plan to progress towards as it relates to the industry they are operating in. The following is my five forces analysis of the competitive forces confronting the companies that

Buddhist Religious Traditions Sacred Elements and Meanings Free Essays

Buddhism, as a religion, has a set of beliefs and practices. Although there are many doctrinal divisions, also known as Buddhist schools, there are several concepts common to them. These sacred elements characterize Buddhist religious traditions as a whole: Gautama Buddha All Buddhist schools accept the Buddha as their teacher and founder of Buddhism. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhist Religious Traditions: Sacred Elements and Meanings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Siddhartha Gautama is generally recognized as the Supreme Buddha and his teachings are considered sacred. Middle Way, Dependent Origination, Four Noble Truths, and Noble Eightfold Path These are practices common to all Buddhist schools. The Middle Way (also Middle Path) is their practice of non-extremism which means â€Å"moderation away from extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification and toward the practice of wisdom, morality and mental cultivation. † The doctrine of Dependent Origination (also Dependent Arising) states that phenomena arise together as part of a gigantic web of cause and effect. The most fundamental teachings in Buddhism are the Four Noble Truths. These are: The Nature of Suffering (Dukkha), Suffering’s Origin (Samudaya), Suffering’s Cessation (Nirodha), and The Way Leading to the Cessation of Suffering (Marga). The noble eightfold path is the way to cessation of suffering and achievement of self-awakening. Nirvana Buddhist religious traditions all point their life to buddhahood, which is considered to be the highest attainment as a Buddhist. Nirvana, which literally means â€Å"to cease blowing†, is used by Buddhists, particularly Theravadins, to describe the enlightenment and liberation of Gautama Buddha. References: â€Å"An Introduction to Buddhism. † Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/buddhaintro. html â€Å"Essentials of Buddhism: Core Concepts. † Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www. buddhaweb. org/ â€Å"The Religion of Buddhism. † Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www. religioustolerance. org/buddhism. htm How to cite Buddhist Religious Traditions: Sacred Elements and Meanings, Papers

Short Stories From Different Cultures free essay sample

Opening Worlds â€Å"Short Stories From Different Cultures† All 12 stories can be examined for in English Literature Paper 2. This booklet covers the first six stories (‘Dead Men’s Path’ to ‘The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband). The second group of six stories (‘The Pieces of Silver’ to ‘The Winter Oak’) is used in Paper 2 of the English exam as well as the Literature exam. These are covered in a separate booklet. Questions can be about character, theme or culture. You also need to be able to say how the language the author uses adds to the reader’s understanding of character, theme etc, or how it adds to the overall enjoyment of the story, so you will be finding and explaining quotations. Questions always focus on two stories so it is useful to know some of the links between stories so you can see which ones are likely to be paired. The ‘Connections’ heading will help you here. You will have a choice of three questions. The first is always a context question, which prints an extract for you to focus on. Other questions may allow you to choose which stories you answer on. You will have a copy of Opening Worlds in the exam, but it will not be your own annotated copy; you will therefore need to get to know the stories well beforehand. Dead Men’s Path by Chinua Achebe Plot: Dead Men’s Path begins with Michael Obi being appointed Head Master of Ndume Central School. He wanted the school to be progressive and modern; he scorned traditional cultural beliefs. Mr Obi saw an old woman hobbling in the hedges and noticed that there was a path running through the school. He decided to ignore the cultural history of the path and cover it with fences and barbed wire. The village priest visited the Mr Obi to discuss the closure of the path; he said the closure of the path would prevent spirits entering and leaving the village. The priest asked Mr Obi to reopen the path to prevent quarrels. Mr Obi refused the proposal and said that the path was ‘against our regulations’. He suggested they build a new path that skirted the premises. A woman died in the village in childbirth and the villagers were angry that the closure of the path had angered their ancestors. They ransacked the school and tore down the fences and flowerbeds surrounding the path. An inspector came to the school and criticised Obi’s handling of the situation. Characters: Michael Obi is the main character in the story. While he has positive qualities like being well educated, young and enthusiastic, his arrogance, unwillingness to listen and refusal to compromise are his downfall. He believes that just because ideas are modern they are right and he laughs at and insults anything that he sees as old fashioned. In the end, this makes him look stupid; the story starts with him saying ‘what a grand opportunity we’ve got at last to show these people how a school should be run’ (43/44) and ends with the report which describes the tribal war situation developing between the school and the village, arising in part from the misguided zeal of the new headmaster’ (112/114). ‘Young and energetic’ (5), ‘many wonderful ideas’ (6), ‘with enthusiasm’ (6), sound secondary school education’ (7/8) ‘He was outspoken in his condemnation of the narrow views of these older and often less-educated (teachers). ’ (10/11) ‘His passion for modern methods’ (17) ‘The whole purpose of this school is to eradicate just such beliefs †¦ Our duty is to teach your children to laugh at such ideas’ (90/91). Obi’s wife shares his beliefs. She is a shallow person, more interested in showing off her status and impressing other people than making their lives better. ‘She began to see herself already as the admired wife of the young headmaster, the queen of the school. The wives of the other teachers would envy her position. She would set the fashion in everything†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (19-23) The village priest represents tradition and good sense. He is polite, reasonable and offers a compromise so that everyone can get along together, everything that Obi is not. ‘What you say may be true, but we follow the practices of our fathers’ (94/95) ‘What I always say is: let the hawk perch and let the eagle perch’ (96/97) Themes: The story is mainly about the clash between the modern and traditional ways of life, two different cultures, with Obi representing the modern and the village priest the traditional. Seen in this way, the story seems to support the traditional way of life, as it is more tolerant and seems to want to help and support people. The story is also about education. As Obi presents it, the school is there to destroy what people believe and replace it with what he thinks they should believe. The author, by making Obi fail at the end of the story, obviously does not believe this to be right – education is there to support and help people, not to criicise and destroy. This last point leads to another theme – the abuse of power or authority. As a headmaster, Obi has the trust of the community; children are society’s most valuable possession. His job is to support and serve the villagers, but because he is so arrogant and believes himself to be better educated, he thinks he knows what these people need and imposes it on them, which is why they rebel. He shows no respect for the beliefs of others (‘Our duty is to teach your children to laugh at such ideas’), in fact he is very insulting. Connections: Education and teachers: Mr Chase in The Pieces of Silver; Anna Vasilevna in The Winter Oak; Neo in Snapshots of a Wedding Abuse of Power: The Deputy District Officer in The Gold-Legged Frog; the Tailor’s wife in The Tall Woman; Mr Chase in The Pieces of Silver; the Police Inspector in Leela’s Friend Conflict between traditional and modern: Neo in Snapshots of a Wedding; Jing-mei and her mother in Two Kinds. Pride: Neo in Snapshots of a Wedding; the young man in Train From Rhodesia; Mr Chase in The Pieces of Silver; Ravi in Games at Twilight Snapshots of a Wedding by Bessie Head Plot: Snapshots of a Wedding is about a man called Kegoletile and two women, Neo and Mathata. They form a love triangle. Both women are pregnant but Kegoletile chooses Neo over Mathata because she is educated and therefore likely to earn more money. Neo is disliked by most of the people around her because she is arrogant and opinionated. Mathata, on the other hand, is a pleasant girl who is well-liked. An aunt, who can’t stand Neo’s behaviour any more, tells her how unpopular she is. This shocks Neo into trying to be more agreeable, so that she doesn’t lose her husband to Mathata. After the wedding, Kegoletile’s mother says to Neo â€Å"Be a good wife†. Characters: Neo, the bride, is the main character. She is an unpopular figure in the village – people feel her modern education makes her feel superior to others and she is spoiled by her mother. She gets a shock in the middle of the story when she realizes that Mathata, a girl that her future husband has made pregnant is a possible rival to her, and this causes her to try to behave more acceptably. ‘She was an impossible girl with haughty, arrogant ways. Of all her family and relatives, she was the only one who had completed her ‘O’ Levels and she never failed to rub in this fact. ’ (37-39) ‘(The shock) wiped the superior smile off her face and brought her down a little. She developed an anxiety to greet people and also an anxiety about securing Kegolitile as a husband. That was why she became pregnant†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(112-115) Kegoletile is the man that Neo will marry. He is rich and seems nice enough – a good catch for a young woman. Although he prefers Mathata, he decides to marry Neo as she will be a money earner – perhaps a wife isn’t as important to him as the status money will bring. ‘He had about him an engaging humility and eagerness to help and please that made him loved and respected by all who knew him’ (90/91) ‘He knew what he was marrying†¦a new kind of girl with false postures and aquired, grand-madame ways. And yet, it didn’t pay a man these days to look too closely into his heart. They all wanted as wives, women who were big money earners and they were so ruthless about it! ’ (84-88) Mathata is a very pleasant young woman, but he social status is much lower that the others. She is independent and practical, telling Kegoletile not to bother bringing her expensive dresses as she can’t wear them. She represents the poorer members of society; not as well off in terms of money, but a lot happier in themselves. She was a very pretty girl with black eyes like stars; she was always smiling and happy; immediately and always her own natural self. (82/83) For Mathata, he (Kegoletile) agreed to a court order to pay a maintenance of R10. 00 a month until the child was twenty years old. Mathata merely smiled too. Girls like her offered no resistance to the approaches of men; when they lost them, they just let things ride. (64-68) Themes: The story centres on the arrogance of Neo and how pride could have led to a fall. Her way of thinking that an education made her superior to others makes Neo an unpopular figure, and shows that an education on its own does not necessarily improve a person; Mathata is uneducated but is a much nicer and more popular figure. The power of the family is also important. They are all involved in the preparations for the wedding and ceremony itself. It is one of Neo’s relatives that tells her what people think. Although she didn’t like what she heard, Neo believed the aunt and changed her behaviour as a result. The story ends with the aunt telling Neo to be a good wife – perhaps with the support of her family, she can be. There is also the idea of a conflict between traditional and modern. The bride and groom want a modern wedding, but there is a suggestion that they are ill-matched and the marriage will not be successful. It is the traditional role of the aunts that provides the opportunity for success, so maybe there is a case for keeping the traditional qualities of the marriage process. Connections: Education and teachers: Mr Chase in The Pieces of Silver; Anna Vasilevna in The Winter Oak; Michael Obi in Dead Men’s Path Conflict between traditional and modern: Jing-mei and her mother in Two Kinds; Obi and the priest in Dead Men’s Path Couples: Cathy and Naraian in The Young Couple; The Tall Woman and her Short Husband; the couple in Train From Rhodesia Family: Jing Mei’s family in Two Kinds; Bolan’s family in The Red Ball; the Dovecots in The Pieces of Silver; Naraian’s family in The Young Couple; Leela’s family in Leela’s Friend; Ravi’s family in Games at Twilight The Train from Rhodesia by Nadine Gordimer Plot: A train pulls up at a remote African station. Local people wander over in curiosity, selling goods and trying to get money from the people on the train. A newly married woman sees a wooden lion and admires its splendour and beauty. She does not buy it, however. She has a flashback of the first few weeks of married life. It seems that she does not know her husband particularly well. The train pulls off, and slowly crawls along the track. The woman’s husband dashes into her cabin and waves the lion in her face. He has bought it despite her wishes for him not to. They start arguing about the cost of the lion; she believes its worth more. He does not understand that she handed the loin back to the vendor out of respect for its beauty and can’t understand why she is so angry that he got it so cheaply. Their lack of understanding suggests that this marriage won’t work. Characters: The young woman on the train is at the centre of the story; the reader is told her thoughts and feelings. She is quite a sensitive person, admiring the beauty of the carved lion and appreciating the skill that went into making it. She seems to be unhappy with herself and her life; she suffers a feeling of emptiness that she thought was to do with being single and lonely. Her recent marriage doesn’t seem real to her, just part of the holiday experience. She feels powerless and frustrated. The end of the story suggests that marriage was a mistake. Of all the whites in the story, she alone has a conscience, feeling shame at the way the black artist is treated by her new husband. Her feelings suggest that the whites have little culture or spiritual happiness in their lives; they are empty people unlike the blacks who seem full of life. If you wanted the thing, she said, her voice rising and breaking with the shrill impotence of anger, why didn’t you buy it in the first place? If you wanted it, why didn’t you pay for it? Why didn’t you take it decently, when he offered it? (151-154) The heat of shame mounted through her legs and body and sounded in her ears like the sound of sand pouring†¦She sat there, sick. A weariness, a tastlessness, the discovery of a void made her hands slacken their grip, atrophy emptily†¦She was feeling like this again†¦(171-178) Her husband, the young man, is a shallow figure in the story. He perhaps represents the majority of white men who don’t care about the native population and who happily take advantage of them. He is not a particularly sensitive person; he doesn’t appreciate the carving or understand his new wife’s frustration. He has little in the way of integrity or soul. ‘The young man swung in from the corridor, breathless. He was shaking his head with laughter and triumph’ (134/135) ‘He laughed. I was arguing with him for fun, bargaining’ ‘He was shocked by the dismay of her face’ (148/149) ‘He stood astonished, his hands hanging at his sides’ ( 158) The carved lion, although not a human, is still a powerful figure in the story. It symbolises the culture of the local black population, powerful, dignified, fearless, proud. ‘Between its vandyke teeth, in the mouth opened in an endless roar too terrible to be heard, it had a black tongue†¦round the neck of the thing, a piece of fur; a real mane, majestic, telling you somehow that the artist had delight in the lion’ (36-41) Themes: An obvious theme in the story is the difference between rich and poor. The whites live very comfortably; they drink beer and eat chocolate. The smell of their cooking food tortures the starving dogs. The locals, however, have no luxuries. The children go barefoot, dried meat hangs from the roofs, dogs and chickens have ‘their skin stretched like parchment over their bones’. This situation is reversed in terms of culture; the black artists produce work that celebrates their heritage and the landscape and wildlife around them, they laugh and joke, showing signs of enjoying life – despite their poverty they are rich in life. The whites seem poor in culture. They don’t seem particularly happy with each other or themselves, they are cut off and isolated from the real world, being behind glass on the train, the flower meant to be decorating the window is dead. For all their money, they are poor in spirit. Connections: Poverty: Nak in The Gold-Legged Frog; the Dovecot family in The Pieces of Silver; Bolan’s family in The Red Ball Isolation: The couple in The Tall Woman; Bolan in The Red Ball; Cathy in The Young Couple; Ravi in Games at Twilight Couples: Cathy and Naraian in The Young Couple; The Tall Woman and her Short Husband; Neo and Kegoletile in Snapshots of a Wedding The Gold-Legged Frog by Khamsing Srinawk Plot: The Gold-Legged Frog begins with a man sitting against a tree trunk in the blazing heat of a large expanse of land. We learn that this is Nak Na-ngam, making his way back to his village. In flashback, we learn the events of the day: Nak’s son was bitten by a snake while hunting for frogs. Nak was forced to leave his dangerously ill son due because the government was handing out money to families with five or more children. If he didn’t go, not only would he lose the money, but apparently might be jailed too. While collecting the money, he was made to wait and then humiliated by the government officials there. Nak gets up from the tree to cover the remaining distance to the village. He meets a group of neighbours who tell him he is lucky. Nak’s hopes are raised; he thinks his son has survived. What they mean is that he was lucky to get the money; if he’d waited he wouldn’t have got the 200 baht as his son has died. Characters: Nak is clearly a loving and committed father. He finds it extremely difficult to make the decision about whether to go to the district office whilst his boy is in such a perilous situation. Only the threat of jail if he doesn’t go, which would put the rest of his family at risk, decides him. He shows a proper respect for authority in keeping with his position at the bottom of the social scale, showing him to be decent, law-abiding family man. This makes what happens to him even more unfair. As a good father he doesn’t deserve to lose his son; as a decent citizen, he doesn’t deserve the abuse he gets from the deputy district officer. He seems used to his hard life, though, when he thinks, ‘All you do is suffer if you’re born a rice farmer and a subject. You’re poor and helpless, your mouth gets stained from eating roots when the rice has run out, you’re at the end of your tether and you turn to the authorities only to be put down. ’ (103-106) ‘†I won’t go†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ he yelled. â€Å"My kid can’t breathe and you tell me to go†¦It’s true I’ve never had two hundred baht since I was born, but I’m not going. I am not going. † ‘(72-75) The deputy district officer is the story’s other main character. He is described as having a ‘fat face’, suggesting that, unlike Nak, he has plenty to eat. Rather than being helpful to the needy peasants, he is rude and uncaring. ‘The deputy district officer raised his fat face to stare at him for a moment, then spoke heavily. â€Å"Idiot, don’t you have eyes to see people are working. Get out! Get out and wait outside. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Themes: Poverty is perhaps the main theme of the story. Nak is so poor that his family is forced to hunt frogs, snails and clams to survive. When his son is bitten, he does not forget to take the frogs he has found with him – food is too important to abandon even in these circumstances. Back at the village, there is no question of finding a doctor and anti-venom; he must rely on faith healers and folk remedies, with little success. His lack of money means he has little importance in society and the deputy district officer treats him with little respect. There is evidence of luck and misfortune in the story. The first piece of luck is when the children find the large Gold-Legged frog, which then turns to bad luck when the snake bites the young boy. Another incident of luck and misfortune is when Nak collects his 200 Baht, against the contrasting with the devastating misfortune of Nak learning that his son has died. The theme of family is also present. Nak is a caring father who is horrified when his son is bitten and is later devastated when his son dies. His instincts as a father are to stay with his boy and it takes some serious persuasion, threats really, to get him to leave. Finally, the deputy district officer abuses his power. As a public servant, his job is to help, support and guide the people living in his area. Instead he abuses them and treats them as if they were nothing. Connections: Poverty: Nak in The Gold-Legged Frog; the Dovecot family in The Pieces of Silver; Bolan’s family in The Red Ball Family: Neo’s family in Snapshots of a Wedding; Jing Mei’s family in Two Kinds; Bolan’s family in The Red Ball; the Dovecots in The Pieces of Silver; Naraian’s family in The Young Couple; Leela’s family in Leela’s Friend; Ravi’s family in Games at Twilight Conflict between traditional and modern: Neo in Snapshots of a Wedding; Jing-Mei and her mother in Two Kinds; Michael Obi and the priest in Dead Men’s Path Two Kinds by Amy Tan Plot: Jing-mei’s mother, an immigrant from China, believes in the American Dream, that anyone can become what they want with some talent and a lot of hard work. The mother had left everything, including her family, behind in China and wanted only the best for her remaining daughter. After some false starts, and resistance on the part of the daughter, it is decided that Jing-mei would become a famous pianist. When the lessons start, however, the girl quickly becomes bored and finds shortcuts, partly made possible by having a deaf piano teacher. When she has to play in public for the first time she is awful and embarrasses her parents in front of friends and neighbours. After this humiliation, her mother is strangely silent. A major row soon follows, however, when Jing-mei refuses to play the piano again. Her mother insists on having a dutiful Chinese daughter but Jing-mei, in her anger, shouts that she wishes she didn’t have her mother, that she wished she’d never been born. This causes her mother to back away, shocked. This difficult relationship lasted until the mother died. When clearing out her mother’s clothes, Jing-mei finds and keeps some old Chinese silk dresses. She also finds the sheet music that she had failed to play years before. She realizes that the song is in two halves ‘Pleading Child’ and ‘Perfectly Contended’, and realizes there is a message in this about her own life; perhaps the two halves of the song represent two aspects of her personality. Characters: Jing-Mei, as her mother calls her, is in many ways a typical western teenager. Whereas, in China, a daughter would be expected to be obedient, she wants to be more independent, make her own decisions and go her own way, to escape the control of her parents. This perhaps reflects the fact that she has grown up in America where children can expect more freedom, but this desire to be independent and escape the control of parents is typically adolescent. She is half way between childhood and adulthood. While she wants to be famous, like any child would, she lacks confidence in herself, but more importantly, she does not realize that success comes only with practice and hard work. Childishly, she takes shortcuts and as a result makes a fool of herself. At the end of the story, as an adult, Jing-Mei understands her mother better. She realizes that, old fashioned and heavy handed as she may have been, her mother had her best interests at heart, not wanting her daughter to cruise along and become lost in obscurity but to stand out and make the best of her opportunities. She also feels more comfortable with her Chinese heritage, shown by the fact that she holds onto the silk dresses. Perhaps these are also a reminder of her mother. ‘In the beginning I was just as excited as my mother, maybe even more so’ (36) ‘In all of my imaginings, I was filled with a sense that I would soon become perfect. My mother and father would adore me. I would be beyong reproach. ’ (44-46) ‘And after seeing my mother’s\disappointed face once again, something inside me began to die’ (77/78) ‘The girl staring back at me was angry, powerful. This girl and I were the same. I had new thoughts, willful thoughts, or rather thoughts filled with won’ts. I won’t let her change me, I promised myself. I won’t be what I’m not’ (86-89) ‘And right then, I was determined to put a stop to her foolish pride’ (217) ‘My mother’s expression was what devastated me: a quiet blank look that said she had lost everything’ (292/293) ‘No accusations. No blame. And in a way, I felt disappointed. I had been waiting for her to start shouting, so I could shout back and cry and blame her for all my misery (300-303) ‘For unlike my mother, I did not believe I could be anything I wanted to be. I could only be me’ (353/354) The mother in this story holds onto the life style and culture that she knew in China – it is hard for ‘an old dog to learn new tricks’. She slaps and nags her daughter which seems old fashioned. She does want Jing-Mei to do well, though, and to have the life and opportunities that she never had. She makes sacrifices for her daughter, doing extra cleaning jobs to afford the piano and lessons and has already made the considerable sacrifice of leaving her first family back in China, an unhappiness she hides most of the time but which is dragged to the surface during their final row – her response suggests that she is as human as anyone else. She wants to be proud of her daughter and her success, and if there is a little showing off competition going on with Auntie Lindo, it just shows that the mother is just as human as the rest of us. ‘America was where my all mother’s hopes lay. She had come here in 1949 after losing everything in China: her mother and father, her family home, her first husband, and two daughters, twin baby girls. But she never looked back with regret. There were so many ways for things to get better’ (9-13) ‘Just like you’ she said. ‘Not the best. Because you are not trying. ’ (129) ‘My mother had traded housecleaning services for weekly lessons and a piano for me to practice on every day’ (139/140) ‘Only two kinds of daughters,’ she shouted in Chinese. ‘Those who are obedient and those who want to follow their own mind! Only one kind of daughter can live in this house. Obedient daughter! ’ (332-334) Themes: The story examines the relationship between mother and daughter. There is both love and conflict as the daughter grows up in a different culture to that of her mother. Both sides have their faults and their strengths, but the story reflects the struggle that growing up, and being a parent, can be. The story is told from the child’s perspective; we get to know her thoughts and feelings, see things from her point of view. Having said this, the mother is described in some detail – we get a good impression of her response to major events like the rows and the concert. The mother is the dominant figure in the story. We see and hear relatively little of Jing-Mei’s father. This would be normal for the Chinese community, where men would take the main responsibility for working and the women for running the household. Connections: Conflict between traditional and modern: Neo and her aunt in Snapshots of a Wedding; Obi and the priest in Dead Men’s Path Family: Neo’s family in Snapshots of a Wedding; Bolan’s family in The Red Ball; the Dovecots in The Pieces of Silver; Naraian’s family in The Young Couple; Leela’s family in Leela’s Friend; Ravi’s family in Games at Twilight Experience of Childhood: Clement in The Pieces of Silver; Bolan in The Red Ball; Leela in Leela’s Friend; Ravi in Games at Twilight; Savushkin in The Winter Oak The Tall Woman and Her Short Husband by Feng Ji-cai Plot: A Tall Woman and her Short Husband starts with some thoughts on the force of habit something, the writer suggests, that shouldn’t be underestimated. The unusual couple at the heart of this story is an object of ridicule for their neighbours. One neighbour in particular, the tailor’s wife, can’t leave them alone and would love to know how such an apparently mismatched couple got together; she thinks that the wife must be a gold-digger after her husband’s money and that he couldn’t find anyone that would marry him. The couple themselves, however, is happy enough to produce a child. When the Cultural Revolution strikes China, the husband is suspected of anti-revolutionary behaviour. The couple is put through a kind of trial, although no-one can find any kind of evidence against them, despite the best efforts of the tailor’s wife. Mr Short is imprisoned and his wife continues to survive as best she can. Eventually he is released, but the year of solitary hardship had its effect on Mrs Tall who suffers a stroke. The community begins to realise that they were not freaks and try to be nicer to them. Mr Short does all he can to help her, but he health fails and she dies soon afterwards. The story ends with Mr Short missing his wife, holding his umbrella high to protect her out of habit. Characters: Mr Short is described as ‘a rubber rolypoly’ (29). Although he is quite flat, he is full of life and energy. He is a devoted and caring husband; after his wife’s stroke he works hard to rehabilitate her. After her death he continues on alone. He loved his wife and no-one can replace her; ‘There is a big empty space under that umbrella, a vacuum that nothing on earth can fill. ’ (333/334) ‘Solid and radiant†¦His eyes were like two high-voltage little lightbulbs’ (29†¦33) Every morning and every evening Mr Short helped her twice round the yard, painfully and slowly. By hunching up his shoulders he was able to grip her crooked arm in both hands. It was hard for him, but he smiled to encourage her†¦This was a pathetic yet impressive sight, and the neighbours were touched by it. (297†¦303) Mrs Tall is described less flatteringly; ‘dried up and scrawny with a face like an unvarnished ping-pong bat. ’ (24/25) She seems to be the opposite of her husband in every respect; tall where he is short, thin where he is fat, dull where he is bright. The author does this to show that, although they don’t seem suited at all, their genuine love for each other makes physical differences irrelevant. She says nothing but understands a great deal, behaving with quiet dignity. Mrs Tall neither nodded nor shook her head. She had seen through the tailor’s wife, too. Her eyes glinted with derision and contempt. (206-208) The author makes these two quite distant characters. They don’t say anything, either reported or direct, during the story and we learn little of their feelings. They are private, keeping themselves to themselves – probably they are used to being ridiculed and keep themselves apart to avoid it. The writer makes us view the couple from the same distance as their neighbours in the story; we are being invited to judge them on the same amount of information. Will we laugh at them or can we realize a loving, devoted couple? In this way, the story tests our own bias and prejudice. The tailor’s wife, on the other hand, is an open and obvious character – most likely, we know someone like her ourselves. She is a gossip, nosing in and interfering with other peoples’ lives. She judges other people by her own low standards, which is why she can’t accept the fact that the couple loves each other and there is nothing more sinister than that going on. The writer often uses irony to describe her – what sounds like a compliment is really an insult If she was unclear about anything she would leave no stone unturned to get at the truth. The thirst for knowledge makes even the ignorant wise. In this respect she was outstanding. (69-71) For some reason or other, ever since the sixties each housing estate had chosen someone like this as a â€Å"neighbourhood activist†, giving legal status to these nosy-parkers so that their officiousness could have full play. It seems the Creator will never waste any talent. (75-79) Themes: This is, at heart, a love story, describing a couple who stick together through thick and thin, who society has made outcasts but who have found belonging with each other. The two forget about usual conventions in order to best suit themselves; Mrs Tall holds the umbrella, Mr Short picks up anything dropped. They are victims of bullying, both the casual variety of neighbours mocking them, but also of the organized force of the Cultural Revolution. They are publicly humiliated, shunned and Mr Short is beaten and imprisoned, all without good cause; as the Revolution dies down he is released and his confiscated belongings returned. It would seem that their oddness makes them an obvious target. Connections: Abuse of Power: The Deputy District Officer in The Gold-Legged Frog; Michael Obi in Dead Men’s Path; Mr Chase in The Pieces of Silver; the Police Inspector in Leela’s Friend Couples: Cathy and Naraian in The Young Couple; Husband and wife in The Train From Rhodesia; Neo and Kegoletile in Snapshots of a Wedding Isolation: The young woman in The Train From Rhodesia; Bolan in The Red Ball; Cathy in The Young Couple; Ravi in Games at Twilight

Personal Emergency and Disaster Plan

Natural, accidental and intentional disaster threats While some disasters are natural, some are accidental such as fires while others are man-made. Since disasters, irrespective of their cause are prone to occurring, planning to how to deal with their effects is imperative. My disaster preparedness plan will focus on tornadoes as natural disasters, fires as accidental hazards and bombings as intentional threats.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personal Emergency and Disaster Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tornadoes and floods Tornadoes are localized and fierce rotating wind storms that move at extremely high speed of up to 300 mph and are said to be â€Å"the most violent storms on earth† (Kalman MacAulay16). They typically move in a southwesterly-to-northeasterly direction (FEMA). They leave unforgettable marks on their paths as we will see later. This illustrates the devastating effects that students in Indiana would suffer from in the event that a tornado strikes. Floods on the other hand occur because of heavy and steady rain pounding the ground for a long time causing ground saturation (American Red cross). Flush floods are a specific category of floods that occur abruptly because of fast rising water levels along a stream or in a low-lying area (American Red Cross). However, floods are among the most frequent and expensive natural disasters (American Red Cross). Fires The American Red Cross, U.S Fire Administration, and National Fire Protection Association, noted that home fire is a major disaster across the nation and 80% of Americans do not acknowledge this fact. The situation is even serious as the above agencies noted that annually, 20, 000 people get injuries in home fires and someone dies of home fires every two and a half hours (American Red cross, et al). Thus, in IUB, fires are also likely to occur.Advertising Looking for research paper on environ mental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nuclear Bombing After the September 11 terrorist attack, it became apparent that attacks on the American soil can occur anywhere at any time (Crabtree 576). This calls for preparedness of all individuals and the general population to the threats of terrorism bombing. Three categories of bombing exists namely car bombs, package bombs and suicide bombs (Crabtree 577). The main aspect that is critical of all terrorism and homicidal bomb attacks is that they focus on causing more destruction to people than property (Crabtree 577). As students, one is prone to bombing either directed to the individual or to all students in the university. Student vulnerability to the specific disaster threats Student’s vulnerability to any of the above disasters is eminent. In the event that any of the above disaster strikes, the entire students’ community will feel the effects caused by the disaster. Disruption of communication, structural collapse, contamination of clean water supply, release of hazardous material such as radioactive elements, deaths and physical injury to people are a few of the probable effects associated with the disasters. For instance, bombings release radioactive materials that may persist in the environment for some time. Although the effects reduce with time, the damages are severe if one is exposed to radioactive materials even for the shortest time (Connor). In addition, tornadoes have devastating effects such as the one that hit Arkansas in 2008 causing destruction of homes and 12 deaths (Dougherty 1). Of the major outbreaks that have occurred in American History, Indiana has been affected by all the tornados apart from one tornado that occurred in May 3 1999 (Dougherty 1). Indiana was one of the areas affected by tornado outbreaks in Feb. 1884 that killed 1200 people; April,1965 outbreak that claimed 260 lives and April 1974 that killed 31 5 people(Dougherty 1). To this effect, preparedness on dealing with the disasters becomes imperative and therefore, a precise personal plan to cope with them becomes mandatory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Personal Emergency and Disaster Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Specific plan of action for personal safety General preparation Good preparation is viewed as the best defense against disasters. Upon understanding the type of disasters that are likely in this environment, proper preparation is needed to reduce the extent of devastation. Firstly, I will learn how to disconnect appliances as a preparation step. A list of my property in order of importance and which are to be saved first in the event of a disaster will be prepared. Important documents will be added to the disaster plan so that they will not be forgotten. In addition, there are two kits that I should have in preparation for the di sasters namely, disaster supplies kit, and car emergency supplies kit. These kits will help me in case I will be homebound or compelled to evacuate. The Disaster Supplies Kit The kit will contain a 5-day water supply at the rate of 1 gallon per person per day, a pair of changing clothing and footwear, an updated first aid kit with medicine, batteries, a battery-powered radio, and flashlights, sanitary supplies (toilet papers, soap, personal hygiene items etc), credit cards, cash or traveler’s checks and extra spectacles. Others that I will include are food supplies including foods that can be prepared without cooking and important documents (mortgage papers, insurance policy, birth certificates etc) stored in water proof packets and kept in a safety deposit fire and water proof box as recommended by the American Red Cross. Car emergency supplies kit I will install the car with repair kit for tires, a map, a small shovel, bottled water and high energy foods that have a long sh elf life, first aid kit with a manual, a blanket, a fire extinguisher and a booster cable. The car’s gas tank will be filled as recommended by the American Red Cross. The first aid kit in the car will also be updated, and flashlights will be installed with new batteries. Preparation for tornadoes and floods Tornadoes come in strong storms and may carry any light objects in the homestead. Thus, American Red Cross recommends that the primary step is to ensure that everything that is airborne is brought in the house. Other things like boats that cannot fit in the house will be tied down. Thus, I will need to buy equipment such as ropes and anchoring devices to this effect. Preparing for fires To prepare for disasters associated with fires, I will install a smoke alarm on all levels of the home away from bedrooms. Smoke alarm has been proved to reduce the chances of death by 50% in case of fires (American Red Cross, et al).I will prepare a plan showing all possible exit points fr om the house.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, a fire assembly point away from the house will be established just in case there will be other people in the house during the fire. All of them should be aware of the exit points. I will practice fire escape plans such as crawling low at least twice a year. Escape ladders that everyone in the house should know how to use will be placed next to the window on the third or second floor. In case of children, I will show them how to stop fire incase their clothes catch fire. Finally, I will learn all rules and safety precautions during fires as suggest by the American Red Cross. Preparing for bomb attack Apart from the supplies mentioned earlier, it is also imperative to plan for radioactive fallout that may be associated with bomb attacks. Radioactive fallout from nuclear explosion losses its intensity fast. Specifically, after seven hours of an attack, an explosion’s intensity reduces to a tenth and reduces to a hundredth in two days (Connor). Therefore shielding on eself from the effects is necessary. Using 2 ft of packed earth, a fallout shelter will be constructed in the basement of the house where occupants can be shielded. This has a potential to stop 99% of the radiation. Thus, with secure source of water, available food and radiation fallout shelter, the survival chance will have increased by 100- times (Connor). The fallout will be installed with mattresses, cushions, pillows, and blankets. Portable camp toilets will also be needed for disposal of waste while inside the fallout shelter. This will be constructed by modifying a 5-gallon bucket. Conclusions Information is key to the proper planning for disaster preparedness. Thus, the University should have training lessons on safety precautions during disasters and also warning signs for various disasters. The university should also ensure that there are radioactive fallout shelters, which can be constructed at considerable costs. This can prevent risks associated with nuclear bomb attack s. Assembly points should be clearly marked to ease location in case of a disaster. Works Cited American Red Cross. Flood Safety checklist. 2009. Web. American Red Cross, Fire Administration and The National Fire Protection Association. Fire Preparedness. 2007. Web. Connor, Shane. (2010). What to do if a nuclear disaster is imminent. 2010. Web. Crabtree, James. Terrorist Homicide Bombing: A Primer for Preparation. Journal of Burn Care Research, 27.5 (2006): 576-588. Print. Dougherty, Terri. Anatomy of a Tornado. Capstone Press. Minnessotta.2011. Print. Federal Emergency Management Agency, (FEMA). Preparing for Natural Disaster: Floods, Hurricanes, Tornadoes and Earthquakes. 2000. Web. Kalman, Bobbie and MacAulay, Kelley. Preparing for Disasters. Crabtree PC. Ontario. 2010. Print. This research paper on Personal Emergency and Disaster Plan was written and submitted by user Leonel Daniels to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.